{"id":954,"date":"2026-06-11T07:34:34","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/?p=954"},"modified":"2026-06-11T07:34:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:34:34","slug":"rock-crusher-hazelnut-farm-turkey-italy-oregon-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/rock-crusher-hazelnut-farm-turkey-italy-oregon-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131rma Makinesi \u2014 T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130talya ve Oregon Rehberi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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FINDIK \u00c7\u0130FTL\u0130\u011e\u0130 UYGULAMASI<\/span><\/div>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131rma Makinesi \u2014 T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130talya ve Oregon Rehberi<\/h1>\n

Ta\u015fa \u00e7arpan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, ta\u015f\u0131n etraf\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmez. \u00c7atlar ve bu \u00e7atlak k\u0131rk y\u0131l boyunca her y\u0131l tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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40-50 ya\u015f<\/div>\n
\u00c7al\u0131lar\u0131n verimli ya\u015fam\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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75%<\/div>\n
D\u00fcnya arz\u0131 \u2014 T\u00fcrkiye<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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5\u201320 cm<\/div>\n
S\u00fcrg\u00fcn derinli\u011fi \u2014 kritik b\u00f6lge<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131k Fabrikas\u0131 Saha Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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F\u0131nd\u0131k (Corylus avellana<\/em>(Bu\u011fday), d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda en \u00e7ok ticareti yap\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u011fa\u00e7 yemi\u015fidir; T\u00fcrkiye d\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k 751 milyon tonunu, \u0130talya geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu ve Oregon\/Washington ise Kuzey Amerika tedarikini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Nutella'ya ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pralin bazl\u0131 \u015fekerlemelerinin \u00e7o\u011funa lezzet veren yemi\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, bu E-serisi k\u0131lavuzundaki t\u00fcm bitkiler aras\u0131nda en s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeralt\u0131 mimarisine sahip olan\u0131d\u0131r; bu mimari, ku\u015fkonmaz, elma veya turun\u00e7gillerde oldu\u011fu gibi dikim s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir kereye mahsus ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi gereksinimi yerine, \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131n 40-50 y\u0131ll\u0131k verimli \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca s\u00fcrekli ve y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi gereksinimi yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunun sebebi s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerdir. F\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst 5-20 cm'lik k\u0131sm\u0131ndan yatay yeralt\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri g\u00f6ndererek kendilerini \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131rlar ve ilerledik\u00e7e yeni k\u00f6k ta\u00e7lar\u0131 ve g\u00f6vde k\u00fcmeleri olu\u015ftururlar. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn mekanizmas\u0131, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n verimli \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131 ve ya\u015flanan verimli g\u00f6vdeleri yenilemesi i\u00e7in temel stratejisidir. 5-20 cm derinlikteki ta\u015f, bir asma k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131nda ilerledi\u011fi gibi s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc etraf\u0131ndan dola\u015ft\u0131rmaz. Onu \u00e7atlat\u0131r ve bu \u00e7atlak, d\u00f6rt on y\u0131l boyunca verim vermesi gereken bir \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131n verimli \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131saltan bakteri ve mantar patojenleri i\u00e7in bir giri\u015f noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu k\u0131lavuz \u015funlar\u0131 kapsar: f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in kaya k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> S\u00fcrg\u00fcn mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi t\u00fcm teknik derinlikte uygulama.<\/p>\n

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S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Sistemi \u2014 5-20 cm Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Ta\u015f\u0131n Neden 40 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Y\u0131ll\u0131k Bir Sorun Oldu\u011fu<\/h2>\n

\"F\u0131nd\u0131k<\/p>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131kta ta\u015f y\u00f6netiminin bu serideki di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden neden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n benzersiz vejetatif \u00e7o\u011falma mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 - f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 biyolojik \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve stolon sistemini - anlamak gerekir. Corylus avellana<\/em> Tek g\u00f6vdeli bir a\u011fa\u00e7tan ziyade \u00e7ok g\u00f6vdeli bir \u00e7al\u0131 olarak.<\/p>\n

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F\u0131nd\u0131k Tac\u0131 Anatomisi ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi<\/p>\n

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Ta\u015fs\u0131z Ta\u00e7 \u2014 Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 Geni\u015fleme \u2705<\/div>\n
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0\u20135 cm: Y\u00fczey besleyici k\u00f6k\u00e7\u00fckler<\/div>\n
\u2192<\/span>
\n5\u201320 cm: STOLON B\u00d6LGES\u0130 \u2014 yatay s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, a\u00e7\u0131k yol<\/div>\n
20\u201340 cm: Yap\u0131sal k\u00f6k ta\u00e7 ankrajlar\u0131<\/div>\n
40\u201370 cm: Derin k\u00f6k sistemi<\/div>\n
70 cm+: Derin nem rezervi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
S\u00fcrg\u00fcn, temiz toprakta y\u0131lda 15-40 cm ilerler. Yeni g\u00f6vde k\u00fcmeleri olu\u015fur. Ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde geni\u015fler. Tam verimli yo\u011funluk korunur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Stolon B\u00f6lgesindeki Ta\u015f \u274c \u2014 Y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7atlak Etkinli\u011fi<\/div>\n
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0\u20135 cm: Y\u00fczey k\u00f6k\u00e7\u00fckleri (etkilenmemi\u015f)<\/div>\n
\u2b1b<\/span>
\n5\u201320 cm: STONE BLOKLAR STOLON \u2014 temas an\u0131nda \u00e7atlama<\/div>\n
20\u201340 cm: Ta\u00e7 ankrajlar\u0131 (etkilenmemi\u015f)<\/div>\n
40\u201370 cm: Derin k\u00f6kler (etkilenmemi\u015f)<\/div>\n
70 cm+: Alt toprak<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Ta\u015f \u00fczerindeki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131 \u2192 Xanthomonas\/Botrytis giri\u015fi \u2192 \u00f6l\u00fc geni\u015fleme sekt\u00f6r\u00fc. Bir sonraki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ayn\u0131 ta\u015f konumuna ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u2460<\/span><\/p>\n
S\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00e7atlamas\u0131n\u0131n neden tek seferlik de\u011fil, y\u0131ll\u0131k bir olay oldu\u011fu.<\/strong> Ku\u015fkonmazda (E-9) ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 dikim s\u0131ras\u0131nda ta\u015fa temas eder ve hasar 0. y\u0131lda giderilirken, f\u0131nd\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcyen, ilerleyen bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Her y\u0131l, mevcut ta\u00e7 konumlar\u0131ndan yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler \u00e7\u0131kar ve 5-20 cm'lik b\u00f6lgeden yatay olarak 15-40 cm ilerler. \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcndeki toprakta ta\u015f varsa, yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ta\u015fla taze bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r - tam turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131nda, maksimum uzama h\u0131z\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Bu, bir ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7oktan ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir k\u00f6k\u00fcn tam tersidir; bitkisel geni\u015flemenin \u00f6n ucu, en aktif b\u00fcy\u00fcme an\u0131nda bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7atlak, haftalar boyunca bir ta\u015f\u0131n etraf\u0131nda yava\u015f\u00e7a b\u00fck\u00fclen bir k\u00f6k\u00fcn deformasyonundan yap\u0131sal olarak daha \u015fiddetlidir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2461<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00c7atlam\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir enfeksiyon giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/strong> F\u0131nd\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerinin ince kabu\u011fu ve y\u00fcksek nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi vard\u0131r; bu da onlar\u0131 kabuk yaralar\u0131 yoluyla bakteri kolonizasyonu i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir ortam haline getirir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00e7atlaklar\u0131ndan giren ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki f\u0131nd\u0131k patojeni \u015funlard\u0131r: Xanthomonas arboricola<\/em> pv. korilina<\/em> (T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130talya'da endemik olan bakteriyel yan\u0131kl\u0131k) ve Botrytis cinerea<\/em> (Nemli iklimlerde yayg\u0131n olan gri k\u00fcf). Her iki organizma da bir yara giri\u015f noktas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar; sa\u011flam s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kabu\u011fu, her iki patojenin de yerle\u015fmesine izin vermez. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn y\u00fczeyinde 2-5 mm \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir ta\u015f \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131, bakteriyel yan\u0131kl\u0131k sporlar\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fi i\u00e7in yeterlidir; patojen daha sonra s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131ndan vask\u00fcler dokuya do\u011fru ilerler, sonunda ana g\u00f6vde k\u00fcmesine ula\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131n verimli g\u00f6vde say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltan karakteristik yaralara ve kurumaya neden olur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2462<\/span><\/p>\n
40 y\u0131ll\u0131k toplam ta\u015f etkisi.<\/strong> 0. y\u0131lda dikilen ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi temizlenmemi\u015f bir f\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fac\u0131, ta\u00e7 geni\u015flemeye devam ettik\u00e7e her y\u0131l yeni ta\u015f \u00e7atlaklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facakt\u0131r. 10. y\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, ta\u00e7 2,5 m yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131na kadar geni\u015fleyebilir ve her y\u0131l 20 m\u00b2'lik ta\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda ta\u015flarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilir. Her \u00e7atlak yeni bir enfeksiyon riski olay\u0131 yarat\u0131r. 20. y\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, ta\u015fla dolu bir f\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fac\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesinde tipik olarak 50-120 \u00e7atlak olay\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olur. Bu k\u00fcm\u00fclatif bakteri giri\u015fi, kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 veya volkanik e\u011fimli topraklarda temizlenmemi\u015f f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7elerinin, e\u015fde\u011fer temizlenmi\u015f bah\u00e7elere g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli olarak -50 daha y\u00fcksek bakteri yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesinin nedenini a\u00e7\u0131klar; fark genetik yatk\u0131nl\u0131ktan de\u011fil, ta\u015f\u0131n yirmi y\u0131l boyunca yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yara giri\u015f noktalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2463<\/span><\/p>\n
Ta\u015flardan temizlenmi\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi \u2014 40 y\u0131l boyunca tam koruma.<\/strong> Ekim \u00f6ncesi ta\u015f temizli\u011fi trakt\u00f6r kaya k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/a> 22-28 cm derinli\u011fe kadar temizleme i\u015flemi, fidan dikiminde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesindeki ta\u015f olu\u015fumunu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. F\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn geni\u015flemesi, sonraki 15-20 y\u0131l boyunca bu temizlenmi\u015f toprakta \u00e7atlak olu\u015fmadan ilerler. Y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m temizleme i\u015flemi (12-16 cm derinlikte THOR 2.4, ilkbaharda b\u00fcy\u00fcme patlamas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce), yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcn nesli ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce don kabarmas\u0131 ve k\u0131\u015f bozulmas\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temizler ve ilerleyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cephesinde verimli \u00f6mr\u00fcn tamam\u0131 boyunca ta\u015fs\u0131z ko\u015fullar\u0131 korur. Y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin aksine (her sezon bir kez temizlenir ve yeniden temizlenir), f\u0131nd\u0131kta ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi \u00e7ok on y\u0131ll\u0131k bir taahh\u00fctt\u00fcr; ancak y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m i\u015fleminin y\u0131ll\u0131k maliyeti, birincil temizleme maliyetinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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K\u00f6k Ta\u00e7 Mimarisi \u2014 40 Y\u0131ll\u0131k F\u0131nd\u0131k Yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Ger\u00e7ekte Neleri \u0130\u00e7eriyor?<\/h2>\n

Yer \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fclen f\u0131nd\u0131k \"\u00e7al\u0131s\u0131\" (tek bir tabandan \u00e7\u0131kan 5-12 verimli g\u00f6vdeden olu\u015fan bir k\u00fcme), bitkinin t\u00fcm vejetatif ve \u00fcreme faaliyetlerini b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiren yeralt\u0131 k\u00f6k tac\u0131 (\"ana g\u00f6vde\") yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ifadesidir. Ana g\u00f6vde, hem f\u0131nd\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yan verimli g\u00f6vdeleri hem de ya\u015flanan g\u00f6vdelerin yerine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yeni b\u00fcy\u00fcmeler getirerek tac\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri \u00fcretir. Ana g\u00f6vdeye veya onu besleyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesine verilen hasar, do\u011frudan verimli g\u00f6vde say\u0131s\u0131nda azalmaya yol a\u00e7ar; bu da f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretiminin ticari verim birimidir.<\/p>\n

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F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00dcretim \u00d6mr\u00fc \u2014 Her A\u015famada \u00c7ekirdek Y\u00f6netimi<\/caption>\n
Faz<\/th>\nY\u0131llar<\/th>\nTa\u015f Riski<\/th>\nY\u00f6netmek<\/th>\nTa\u015f temizleme g\u00f6revi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Kurulu\u015f<\/td>\n0\u20133<\/td>\nEN Y\u00dcKSEK \u2014 ilk s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn tam alan yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131na do\u011fru geni\u015flemesi<\/td>\nEkim \u00f6ncesi THOR temizli\u011fi 22\u201328 cm'ye kadar + CT-2100 toplama<\/td>\nEn aktif ta\u00e7 olu\u015fum d\u00f6neminde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00e7atlamas\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zirve \u00fcretim<\/td>\n4\u201325<\/td>\nDEVAM ED\u0130YOR \u2014 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler her y\u0131l yeni topra\u011fa do\u011fru ilerliyor.<\/td>\nY\u0131ll\u0131k THOR 2.4 bak\u0131m\u0131 12\u201316 cm + ilkbahar BlackBird ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/td>\n\u0130lkbahar b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminden \u00f6nce, don kabarmas\u0131 nedeniyle olu\u015fan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ilerleme b\u00f6lgesinden temizler.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Koruluk yenilemesi<\/td>\nHer 8-12 y\u0131lda bir<\/td>\nKR\u0130T\u0130K \u2014 budama, yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn olu\u015fumunu tetikliyor<\/td>\nTHOR 2.4, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin ta\u015fs\u0131z topra\u011fa do\u011fru 18-22 cm'de uzamas\u0131yla ba\u015flar.<\/td>\nS\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00f6ncesi temizlik, tam g\u00fc\u00e7te yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi sa\u011flar; ta\u015fla engellenen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, \u00e7al\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funu 15\u201330% oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ge\u00e7 verimlilik \/ d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<\/td>\n26\u201350<\/td>\nKONTROL ALTINDA \u2014 ta\u00e7 tamamen olu\u015ftu, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn olu\u015fum h\u0131z\u0131 yava\u015fl\u0131yor<\/td>\nHasat temizli\u011fi i\u00e7in y\u00fczey y\u00f6netimi (BlackBird bahar ge\u00e7idi); derin temizlik daha az kritik.<\/td>\nVakum hasat makinesinin temizli\u011fi i\u00e7in y\u00fczey temizli\u011fi (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 3'e bak\u0131n\u0131z) s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca \u00f6nemini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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Vakum Hasat Makinesi ve Ta\u015f Kirlenmesi \u2014 Nutella S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Tehlikede<\/h2>\n

\"CT-2100<\/p>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131k hasad\u0131, bu k\u0131lavuzdaki t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda benzersizdir: F\u0131nd\u0131klar olgunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak \u00e7al\u0131dan yere d\u00fc\u015fer ve a\u011fa\u00e7tan toplanmaz, bah\u00e7e zemininden toplan\u0131r. Bu yerden toplama sistemi, bu serideki di\u011fer hi\u00e7bir \u00fcr\u00fcnde benzeri olmayan, do\u011frudan ve ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir ta\u015f kirlili\u011fi yolu olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

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\u2460<\/span><\/p>\n
Meyve bah\u00e7esi zemininde f\u0131nd\u0131k ve \u00e7ekirdek d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f halde.<\/strong> Olgun f\u0131nd\u0131klar hasat zaman\u0131nda kabu\u011fundan (involukrum) d\u00fc\u015ferek bah\u00e7e taban\u0131ndaki mal\u00e7 tabakas\u0131na, yaprak d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerine ve -temizlenmemi\u015f arazilerde- gev\u015fek y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fer. Vakumlu hasat ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, temizlenmemi\u015f arazilerdeki yeti\u015ftiriciler genellikle y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in elle t\u0131rm\u0131klama i\u015flemi yaparlar, ancak bu emek yo\u011fun bir i\u015flemdir ve Akdeniz kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 veya volkanik yama\u00e7 bah\u00e7elerinde nadiren 21 tondan daha az ta\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc elde edilir. Kalan y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131, hasat ekipman\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f sistemi taraf\u0131ndan f\u0131nd\u0131klardan ay\u0131rt edilemez.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2461<\/span><\/p>\n
Elektrikli s\u00fcp\u00fcrgenin hava giri\u015fi - ta\u015f ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmaz.<\/strong> Kendinden tahrikli veya trakt\u00f6re monte edilmi\u015f vakumlu hasat makinesi, f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 bah\u00e7e zemininden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00f6nen toprak f\u0131r\u00e7alar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 toplama haznesine kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 bir hava ak\u0131m\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Hava ak\u0131m\u0131, 2 cm'lik bir f\u0131nd\u0131k ile 2 cm'lik bir kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7as\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmaz; her ikisi de s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 25 mm'den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu f\u0131nd\u0131k kabu\u011funa yak\u0131n olan (kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu 2,6\u20132,7 g\/cm\u00b3 iken, 1,2\u20131,4 g\/cm\u00b3) ta\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131, makinedeki ilk a\u015fama hava ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilir. F\u0131nd\u0131ktan daha yo\u011fun olan par\u00e7alar bile, ikincil ay\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce genellikle toplama tamburundan ge\u00e7er.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2462<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fleme tesisinin al\u0131m reddi oran\u0131 \u2014 Ferrero e\u015fi\u011fi.<\/strong> \u015eekerleme ama\u00e7l\u0131 (Ferrero Rocher, Nutella, pralin) tedarik kabul eden f\u0131nd\u0131k i\u015fleme tesisleri, al\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda otomatik kabuk par\u00e7as\u0131 tespit sistemleri kullanmaktad\u0131r. Sekt\u00f6r standard\u0131 ret e\u015fi\u011fi, teslim edilen bir kamyon y\u00fck\u00fcnde (25 ton) a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a <0,5% yabanc\u0131 madde olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. 25 ton kabuklu f\u0131nd\u0131k teslim eden bir T\u00fcrk \u00fcretici i\u00e7in: 0,5% e\u015fi\u011fi, izin verilen maksimum yabanc\u0131 maddenin 125 kg oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Hasat b\u00f6lgesinde 3\u20135% y\u00fczey ta\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip temizlenmemi\u015f ta\u015fl\u0131 arazide, tek bir hasat ge\u00e7i\u015fi 25 tonluk bir y\u00fcke 400\u2013800 kg ta\u015f madde ekleyebilir; bu da ret e\u015fi\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7 ila alt\u0131 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Giri\u015fte tek bir kamyon y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn reddedilmesi durumunda: y\u00fck\u00fcn tamam\u0131 \u00fcreticinin nakliye masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanarak iade edilir. T\u00fcrkiye'nin kooperatif sisteminde, \u00fcye bir \u00fcreticiden gelen reddedilen bir y\u00fck, t\u00fcm kooperatifin i\u015fleme tesisiyle olan sezonluk s\u00f6zle\u015fme durumunu etkileyebilir.<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2463<\/span><\/p>\n
Y\u00fczeyi temizlenmi\u015f meyve bah\u00e7esi \u2014 temiz hasat.<\/strong> Y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n temizlenmesi (stolon b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in 12-16 cm'de THOR 2.4, ard\u0131ndan BlackBird kaya t\u0131rm\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> Hasat mevsiminden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi, meyve bah\u00e7esi taban\u0131ndaki ta\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc <0,5%'ye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr; bu da vakumlu hasat makinesinin giri\u015f kirlilik e\u015fi\u011finin olduk\u00e7a alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. CT-2100 ta\u015f toplay\u0131c\u0131<\/a> THOR k\u0131rma i\u015fleminden sonra kal\u0131c\u0131 toplama, hasat bitmeden \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ta\u015f\u0131n y\u00fczeye geri d\u00f6nmemesini sa\u011flar. Temizlenmi\u015f arazide, vakumlu hasat makinesinin toplama h\u0131z\u0131 15\u201325% artar (f\u0131r\u00e7a ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kayan ta\u015f yok) ve i\u015fleme tesislerindeki al\u0131m reddi oran\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye \u2014 Pontus Da\u011flar\u0131, 75%'lik D\u00fcnya Arz\u0131 ve Bu Rehberdeki En Dik Meyve Bah\u00e7eleri<\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkiye'nin f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgesi, bat\u0131da Sinop'tan do\u011fuda Artvin'e kadar g\u00fcney Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca uzan\u0131r; bu b\u00f6lge, y\u0131ll\u0131k 800-1200 mm ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan, dik ve ormanl\u0131k da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan kesintisiz bir \u015ferittir. Karadeniz Da\u011flar\u0131, k\u0131y\u0131dan 50 km i\u00e7inde aniden 2000-3000 metreye y\u00fckselerek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zorlu topografik f\u0131nd\u0131k yeti\u015ftirme ortam\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Dik yama\u00e7lar, y\u00fcksek ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ve karma\u015f\u0131k jeolojinin birle\u015fimi, T\u00fcrk f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7elerini ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00fcresel end\u00fcstrinin en zorlu bah\u00e7eleri yapan \u00f6zel ta\u015f profilini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Giresun Eyaleti \u2014 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kaliteli f\u0131nd\u0131k men\u015fei tescili<\/span>
\nGiresun F\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2014 T\u00fcrk premium men\u015fei<\/span><\/div>\n
Giresun Eyaleti \u00fcretir Giresun F\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> (Giresun F\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131), emtia piyasas\u0131nda standart T\u00fcrk f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re 15-251 TP5T daha y\u00fcksek fiyatla sat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve Ferrero ile b\u00fcy\u00fck Avrupa \u015fekerleme \u00fcreticileri taraf\u0131ndan premium \u00fcr\u00fcn serileri i\u00e7in tercih edilmektedir. Giresun jeolojisi, Jura d\u00f6nemine ait magmatik intr\u00fczyonlarla birlikte Kretase kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r; kire\u00e7li matrisi kesen volkanik bazalt dayklar\u0131, ayn\u0131 bah\u00e7ede iki farkl\u0131 ta\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r: ana g\u00f6vdede daha yumu\u015fak kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 (Mohs 3-4) ve dayk kenarlar\u0131nda daha sert bazalt \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 (Mohs 5-7). Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k sertlik profili, THOR 3.0'\u0131n (230 HP) Giresun'da birincil temizlik i\u00e7in tercih edilen makine olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biridir; THOR 2.4, kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tam h\u0131zda yeterince i\u015fleyebilir ancak daha sert bazalt intr\u00fczyon b\u00f6lgelerinde ikinci bir ge\u00e7i\u015f gerektirir. Giresun'da ortalama s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011fu: 5-20 cm derinlikte toprak hacminin 18-281 TP5T'si; bu, d\u00fcnya genelinde f\u0131nd\u0131k yeti\u015ftirilen b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda en y\u00fckseklerden biridir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Trabzon, Rize, Ordu \u0130lleri \u2014 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131<\/span>
\nStandart T\u00fcrkiye \u00fcretimi<\/span><\/div>\n
T\u00fcrkiye'nin daha geni\u015f f\u0131nd\u0131k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 jeolojik ko\u015fullarda d\u00f6rt k\u0131y\u0131 ilinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Trabzon'un fli\u015fi (kumta\u015f\u0131 ve \u015feyl, Mohs 4-6), bat\u0131 Giresun'un yumu\u015fak kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ile do\u011fu Rize'nin daha sert magmatik kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f ta\u015f\u0131 tipini sunar. T\u00fcrkiye'nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli \u00fcreticisi olan Ordu ili, Eosen fli\u015fi ve Mezozoik kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer al\u0131r ve 5-20 cm'lik stolon b\u00f6lgesinde orta derecede ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011funa sahiptir; bu da standart ileri h\u0131zda THOR 2.4'e iyi yan\u0131t verir. 25\u00b0'nin \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimli yama\u00e7lardaki T\u00fcrk f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7eleri, \u00f6zellikle operasyonel bir zorluk te\u015fkil eder: THOR, drenaj kanallar\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kontur \u00e7izgileri boyunca (yama\u00e7 yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r ve dik arazide CT-2100 toplama i\u015flemi, operat\u00f6r\u00fcn dikkatli y\u00f6netimini gerektirir. 35\u00b0'nin \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimler i\u00e7in, PSW-3200 rotavat\u00f6r<\/a> THOR temizli\u011finden \u00f6nce teras haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle pratik bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r; bu, en dik b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde d\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0130talya Langhe IGP ve Oregon EFB \u2014 \u0130ki Z\u0131t Ta\u015f Y\u00f6netimi Senaryosu<\/h2>\n

\"PSW-3200<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130talya ve Oregon F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00dcretimi Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u2014 Jeoloji, Hastal\u0131k Bask\u0131s\u0131 ve Temizleme \u015eartnameleri<\/caption>\n
Parametre<\/th>\n\u0130talya Langhe (Piemonte)<\/th>\n\u0130talya Lazio (Viterbo)<\/th>\nOregon \/ Washington (ABD)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Jeoloji<\/td>\nPliosen deniz tortusu (siltli kumta\u015f\u0131\/marn, Mohs 3\u20135)<\/td>\nEtr\u00fcsk volkanik t\u00fcf\u00fc (Mohs 4\u20136) \u2014 Sicilya turun\u00e7gilleri (E-13) ile ayn\u0131 volkanik k\u00f6kene sahip.<\/td>\nWillamette Vadisi al\u00fcvyal silti + Columbia Nehri bazalt kenarlar\u0131 (Mohs 5\u20137)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011fu (5\u201320 cm)<\/td>\nOrta (8\u201315%) \u2014 siltli matriste kire\u00e7li nod\u00fcller<\/td>\nDe\u011fi\u015fken (10\u201322%) \u2014 volkanik lapilli ve t\u00fcf par\u00e7alar\u0131<\/td>\nVadide d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (2\u20135%), bazalt kenarlar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek (15\u201330%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kalite belirlemesi<\/td>\nNocciola del Piemonte IGP \u2014 DOP beklemede. Ferrero'nun birincil s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayna\u011f\u0131.<\/td>\nNocciola di Tornareccio (geleneksel, IGP olmayan)<\/td>\nBelirtilmemi\u015f \u2014 emtia + yerel \u00f6zel pazarlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Birincil hastal\u0131k riski<\/td>\nXanthomonas bakteriyel yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yaralar\u0131 yoluyla + Gleosporium<\/td>\nAyn\u0131 bakteriyel hastal\u0131k + Phytophthora, volkanik yama\u00e7 drenaj sorunlar\u0131nda<\/td>\nDo\u011fu F\u0131nd\u0131k Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (EFB \u2014 Anisogramma anomala) \u2014 Oregon'da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131; ta\u015f kabu\u011fu yaralar\u0131 = birincil giri\u015f noktas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temizleme makinesi<\/td>\nTHOR 2.4 \u2014 orta h\u0131zda siltli kumta\u015f\u0131<\/td>\nTHOR 2.4 \u2014 \u0130spanya Axarqu\u00eda's\u0131na benzer volkanik t\u00fcf<\/td>\nVadi: THOR 2.4. Bazalt kenarlar\u0131: THOR 3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temizleme derinli\u011fi (s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi)<\/td>\n22\u201328 cm<\/td>\n22\u201328 cm<\/td>\n18\u201325 cm (vadi) \/ 22\u201330 cm (bazalt kenar\u0131)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Oregon Do\u011fu F\u0131nd\u0131k Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2014 Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Giri\u015f Noktas\u0131 Olarak Ta\u015f Yaras\u0131:<\/strong> Anisogramma anomalisi<\/em> (EFB), 1960'larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana Willamette Vadisi f\u0131nd\u0131k end\u00fcstrisini harap eden bir kanser hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Patojen, kabuk yaralar\u0131 yoluyla girer; bunlar aras\u0131nda, bah\u00e7e y\u00f6netimi i\u015flemleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda f\u0131nd\u0131k g\u00f6vdelerinde ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn dokusunda y\u00fczey ve s\u0131\u011f y\u00fczey alt\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabuk a\u015f\u0131nmalar\u0131 da bulunur. Ta\u015flardan temizlenmi\u015f Oregon f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7elerinde, duyarl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerde dikimden sonraki ilk 5 y\u0131lda EFB kanseri olu\u015fum oranlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; ta\u015fs\u0131z zeminde makine i\u015flemleri (toprak i\u015fleme, hasat) sonucu olu\u015fan kabuk yaralar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, EFB'nin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu yara giri\u015f noktas\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funu do\u011frudan azalt\u0131r. Oregon Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi'nin EFB y\u00f6netimi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, kabuk yaralar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmeyi s\u00fcrekli olarak birincil k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kontrol \u00f6nlemi olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r; ta\u015f temizleme, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve ta\u00e7 taban\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde makine kaynakl\u0131 kabuk yaralar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in en etkili tek m\u00fcdahaledir.<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131k Ta\u015f\u0131 Y\u00f6netim Sistemi \u2014 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Program ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Yenileme Protokol\u00fc<\/h2>\n
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1<\/div>\n
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THOR 2.4 veya 3.0<\/a> \u2014 birincil toprak i\u015fleme a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 22\u201330 cm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yerle\u015ftirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcn geni\u015fleme b\u00f6lgesini temizler. Akdeniz kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ve Pliosen tortullar\u0131 (Mohs 3\u20135) i\u00e7in THOR 2.4 (180 HP) yeterlidir. Giresun kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131-bazalt kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k profilleri ve Oregon Columbia Havzas\u0131 bazalt kenarlar\u0131 (Mohs 5\u20137) i\u00e7in THOR 3.0 (230 HP) yeterlidir. \u0130leri h\u0131z: 1,8\u20132,5 km\/sa (yumu\u015fak kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131), 1,0\u20131,5 km\/sa (bazalt\/volkanik). Kritik: T\u00fcrk yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda >15\u00b0 e\u011fimli alanlarda, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru erozyon kanallar\u0131 olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in temizleme hatlar\u0131 konturu takip etmelidir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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2<\/div>\n
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CT-2100 ta\u015f toplay\u0131c\u0131<\/a> \u2014 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma, ard\u0131ndan hasat \u00f6ncesi y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131kta iki farkl\u0131 rol: (1) dikim a\u015famas\u0131nda, par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi \u00e7ekirde\u011finin kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak toplanmas\u0131; (2) hasattan \u00f6nce her y\u0131l, vakumlu hasat makinesine temiz giri\u015f sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in y\u00fczey \u00e7ekirde\u011finin toplanmas\u0131. Hasat \u00f6ncesi CT-2100 ge\u00e7i\u015fi, f\u0131nd\u0131k takvimindeki ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan en kritik i\u015flemdir; B\u00f6l\u00fcm 3'te a\u00e7\u0131klanan i\u015fleme tesisi reddini do\u011frudan \u00f6nler. B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk ve \u0130talyan \u00e7iftliklerinde (15+ ha), CT-2100'\u00fcn son toplama i\u015fleminden \u00f6nce y\u00fczey \u00e7ekirde\u011fini verimli bir \u015fekilde toplamak i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde 5-6 ha'l\u0131k BlackBird kaya t\u0131rm\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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3<\/div>\n
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PSW-3200 rotavat\u00f6r<\/a> \u2014 k\u00f6k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc yata\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6n budama yenilemesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fidan dikiminde: PSW-3200, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin y\u0131lda 15-40 cm engelsiz ilerlemesini sa\u011flayan ince toprakl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn geli\u015fim b\u00f6lgesini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7iftlik g\u00fcbresi (25-35 t\/ha) i\u00e7erir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn yenilemesinden \u00f6nce: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn budamas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce 18-22 cm y\u00fckseklikten yap\u0131lan PSW-3200 uygulamas\u0131, yenilenen s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin ta\u015fs\u0131z toprakla bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar; bu, f\u0131nd\u0131k takvimindeki en aktif s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6nemidir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u21bb<\/div>\n
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Y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m \u2014 THOR 2.4 + BlackBird (ilkbahar) hasattan \u00f6nce y\u00fczey temizli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lkbahar (Mart-Nisan): 12-16 cm derinlikte THOR 2.4, ilkbahar b\u00fcy\u00fcme patlamas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ilerleyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00f6n cephesinden don kabarmas\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temizler. Hasat \u00f6ncesi (A\u011fustos, f\u0131nd\u0131k d\u00f6k\u00fclmesinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 2-3 hafta \u00f6nce): BlackBird kaya t\u0131rm\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi, vakumlu hasat i\u00e7in temiz bir bah\u00e7e zemini sa\u011flar. Bu iki a\u015famal\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k program, 40-50 y\u0131ll\u0131k verimli \u00f6m\u00fcr boyunca, hektar ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k 30-401 TP5T'lik orijinal kurulum temizleme maliyetiyle, ta\u015fs\u0131z s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 korur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n
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\nF\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in ta\u015f k\u0131rma makinesi \u2014 ta\u015f temizleme i\u015fleminin her y\u0131l tekrarlanmas\u0131 gerekiyor mu, yoksa dikim \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan temizleme i\u015flemi 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fc i\u00e7in yeterli mi?<\/summary>\n

Hem birincil temizlik hem de y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m gereklidir, ancak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve maliyetlerde. Dikim \u00f6ncesi birincil temizlik (22-30 cm'de THOR 2.4 veya 3.0), s\u00fcrg\u00fcn geni\u015fleme b\u00f6lgesinden ilk ta\u015f pop\u00fclasyonunu uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve program\u0131n en yo\u011fun i\u015flemidir. Y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m temizli\u011fi (ilkbaharda 12-16 cm'de THOR 2.4), \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131n verimli \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca gereklidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc: (a) don kabarmas\u0131 ve ya\u011fmurla tetiklenen ta\u015f hareketi, T\u00fcrk ve \u0130talyan kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 iklimlerinde her y\u0131l 5-20 cm b\u00f6lgesine yeni ta\u015f getirir; (b) f\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 yanal olarak geni\u015flemeye devam eder ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, dikim s\u0131ras\u0131nda temizlenen alan\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, daha \u00f6nce temizlenmemi\u015f \u00e7evresel topra\u011fa do\u011fru ilerletir. Y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m temizli\u011finin maliyeti, hektar ba\u015f\u0131na orijinal birincil temizlik maliyetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 25-351 TP5T'si kadard\u0131r; bu, t\u00fcm ta\u015f pop\u00fclasyonunu de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca \u00fcst s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesini ve yaln\u0131zca don kabarmas\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha az yo\u011fundur. \u00dcyeler aras\u0131nda makine payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk kooperatif \u00e7iftliklerinde, y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m program\u0131 genellikle f\u0131nd\u0131k teslimat\u0131ndan sonra ve k\u0131\u015ftan \u00f6nce, sonbaharda toplu bir i\u015flem olarak d\u00fczenlenir; bu i\u015flem, tek bir makine setiyle 3-4 hafta boyunca kooperatif ba\u015f\u0131na 150-400 hektarl\u0131k bir alan\u0131 kapsar.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\n\u0130talya'daki Nocciola del Piemonte IGP kalite sistemi ta\u015f y\u00f6netimiyle nas\u0131l ili\u015fkilidir? Bu unvan, ta\u015f temizli\u011fini gerektiriyor mu?<\/summary>\n

Piyemonte f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Nocciola del Piemonte IGP (Koruma Alt\u0131ndaki Co\u011frafi \u0130\u015faret) \u015fartnamesi, \u00fcretim standartlar\u0131nda ta\u015f temizli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a zorunlu k\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r; IGP gereklilikleri, izin verilen f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlerine (esas olarak Tonda Gentile delle Langhe), co\u011frafi k\u00f6kene (Piyemonte b\u00f6lgesi) ve hasat sonras\u0131 kalite kriterlerine (nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi, kusur oranlar\u0131) odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, ta\u015f temizli\u011fi, iki kalite yoluyla IGP uyumlulu\u011fuyla do\u011frudan ilgilidir. Birincisi, IGP'nin maksimum kusur oran\u0131 \u015fartnamesi (kabuk par\u00e7alar\u0131, zararl\u0131 b\u00f6cek hasar\u0131 ve di\u011fer kalite kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar), vakumlu hasat makinesi kontaminasyonunun kontrol edildi\u011fi ta\u015f temizlenmi\u015f bah\u00e7elerde daha tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde elde edilir; ta\u015f kontaminasyonu olan partilerin paketleme tesisi de\u011ferlendirmesinde kusur oran\u0131 e\u015fi\u011fini ge\u00e7ememe olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir. \u0130kincisi, Ferrero'nun Langhe f\u0131nd\u0131k yeti\u015ftiricileri i\u00e7in kendi tedarik\u00e7i \u015fartnameleri (Ferrero, Nocciola del Piemonte IGP'nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r), temizlenmemi\u015f y\u00fczey ta\u015fl\u0131 bah\u00e7e arazilerinde tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 fiilen imkans\u0131z olan kontaminasyon e\u015fiklerini i\u00e7ermektedir. Ferrero'nun Langhe f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kalite spesifikasyonlar\u0131, IGP gereksinimlerinden daha kat\u0131d\u0131r; Ferrero spesifikasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ta\u015f i\u015fleme, ayn\u0131 zamanda IGP uyumlulu\u011funu ve premium s\u00f6zle\u015fme uygunlu\u011funu da sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nF\u0131nd\u0131kta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn hasar\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131, ku\u015fkonmazda ta\u00e7 hasar\u0131na (E-9) g\u00f6re daha m\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr? Her ikisi de 5-25 cm derinlikte kal\u0131c\u0131 yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/summary>\n

Farkl\u0131 \u015fiddet ve iyile\u015fme \u00f6zelliklerine sahip farkl\u0131 hasar mekanizmalar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Ku\u015fkonmaz\u0131n ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 (E-9) dikim s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir kez hasar g\u00f6r\u00fcr; 0. y\u0131lda ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 deforme eden bir ta\u015f, 25 y\u0131l boyunca kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00fc pozisyon olu\u015fturur. Ku\u015fkonmaz ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 yanal olarak geni\u015flemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in daha fazla ta\u015f etkile\u015fimi olmaz. F\u0131nd\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ise tekrar tekrar hasar g\u00f6r\u00fcr; her y\u0131l ilerleyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fc daha \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015flarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r ve 40-50 y\u0131ll\u0131k verimli \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca her y\u0131l yeni \u00e7atlak olaylar\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n ku\u015fkonmazda olmayan bir iyile\u015fme avantaj\u0131 vard\u0131r: ku\u015fkonmaz ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc mutlak ve kal\u0131c\u0131 iken, \u00e7atlam\u0131\u015f bir f\u0131nd\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131n mutlaka \u00f6lmesine neden olmaz; bir hastal\u0131k giri\u015f noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur, ancak \u00e7atlak sistemik bir enfeksiyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmezse \u00e7al\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlilikle hayatta kalabilir. Pratik olarak: ku\u015fkonmaz ta\u015f hasar\u0131 daha ani ve felaket niteli\u011findedir (25 y\u0131l boyunca tek bir pozisyonda tam ta\u00e7 kayb\u0131), f\u0131nd\u0131k ta\u015f hasar\u0131 ise daha sinsi bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir (d\u00f6rt on y\u0131l boyunca k\u00fcm\u00fclatif enfeksiyon olaylar\u0131 yoluyla kademeli verimlilik azalmas\u0131). 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretim ufkunda finansal etki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir d\u00fczeydedir; ta\u015f temizleme, her iki \u00fcr\u00fcnde de toplam potansiyel gelir kayb\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ayn\u0131 oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nT\u00fcrk Pontus Da\u011flar\u0131 yamac\u0131nda, kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ve bazalt kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 jeolojik yap\u0131ya sahip bir alanda yeni bir f\u0131nd\u0131k plantasyonu i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir?<\/summary>\n

Giresun veya Trabzon ilinde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131-bazalt e\u011fimli bir alanda yeni bir f\u0131nd\u0131k plantasyonu i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen program \u015f\u00f6yledir: (1) Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (tipik olarak ana g\u00f6vdede) ve bazalt dayk intr\u00fczyonlar\u0131n\u0131n (tipik olarak e\u011fimi kesen do\u011frusal b\u00f6lgelerde) da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in plantasyon alan\u0131 boyunca 35 cm derinli\u011fe kadar toprak sondas\u0131. (2) Belirlenen bazalt intr\u00fczyon b\u00f6lgelerinde 0,8\u20131,2 km\/sa ileri h\u0131zda 28\u201330 cm derinli\u011fe kadar THOR 3.0 (230 HP) ile birincil temizleme. (3) Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6vdesinde 1,8\u20132,5 km\/sa h\u0131zda 25\u201328 cm derinli\u011fe kadar THOR 2.4 (180 HP) ile birincil temizleme. \u0130ki a\u015famal\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m, en zorlu b\u00f6lgeler i\u00e7in t\u00fcm alan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede detayland\u0131rmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rken, bazalt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin yeterince temizlenmesini sa\u011flar. (4) T\u00fcm par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f malzemenin CT-2100 kaya toplay\u0131c\u0131 ile toplanmas\u0131. (5) S\u00fcrg\u00fcn yata\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 20\u201325 cm'de PSW-3200 rotavat\u00f6r. (6) 25\u00b0'nin \u00fczerindeki e\u011fimlerde: t\u00fcm THOR ve PSW-3200 ge\u00e7i\u015fleri kontur \u00e7izgileri boyunca; CT-2100 toplama i\u015flemi ge\u00e7ici seviye setlerinde. 1 hektarl\u0131k T\u00fcrk Pontik kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131-bazalt kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k alan i\u00e7in tahmini program maliyeti: mevcut T\u00fcrk ekipman kiralama fiyatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 45.000\u201375.000 \u20ba (yerel m\u00fcteahhit oranlar\u0131). Korea Watanabe, T\u00fcrk Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 makine destek programlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ekipman yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen kooperatifler i\u00e7in makine sahipli\u011fi ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli servis ekonomisi konusunda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapabilir.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nT\u00fcrkiye, \u0130talya veya Oregon'da f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7ekirde\u011fi temizleme i\u015flemi herhangi bir hibe veya s\u00fcbvansiyon deste\u011fine uygun mu?<\/summary>\n

T\u00fcrkiye'de Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7esi haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ta\u015f k\u0131rma ve kaya toplama makineleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ekimi i\u00e7in toprak haz\u0131rlama makinelerini kapsayan kapsaml\u0131 bir tar\u0131m makineleri s\u00fcbvansiyon program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Giresun, Trabzon ve Ordu illerindeki T\u00fcrk f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcreticileri, mevcut uygun makine kalemlerini ve s\u00fcbvansiyon oranlar\u0131n\u0131 yerel \u0130l Tar\u0131m ve Orman M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile teyit etmelidir. F\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar Dernekleri, kooperatiflerin sermaye maliyetini payla\u015f\u0131rken bireysel olarak s\u00fcbvansiyon program\u0131na eri\u015fmelerini sa\u011flayan makine havuzlama modelleri konusunda tavsiyelerde bulunabilir. \u0130talya'da, Piano Strategico della PAC 2023\u20132027 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flanan AB FEASR (FEADER) K\u0131rsal Kalk\u0131nma fonlar\u0131, kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ekimi i\u00e7in verimli yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6nlemlerini i\u00e7ermektedir; hem Piyemonte (Regione Piemonte) hem de Lazio idarelerinin f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7esi ekimi programlar\u0131 sermaye makineleri ortak finansman\u0131na uygundur. Piemonte'deki Agenzia Regionale Piemontese per le Erogazioni in Agricoltura (ARPEA) ile mevcut uygun kalemleri ve ba\u015fvuru d\u00f6nemlerini teyit edin. Oregon'da, USDA Do\u011fal Kaynaklar Koruma Servisi (NRCS) \u00c7evre Kalitesi Te\u015fvik Program\u0131 (EQIP), f\u0131nd\u0131k bah\u00e7esi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir; mevcut uygulama kodlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6deme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 yerel NRCS ofisiyle teyit edin. Korea Watanabe, t\u00fcm pazarlar\u0131n hibe ba\u015fvuru gereksinimleri i\u00e7in eksiksiz makine sertifikasyon dok\u00fcmantasyonu sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n

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F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131rma Makinesi \u2014 S\u00fcrg\u00fcn B\u00f6lgesi \u00d6zellikleri ve Y\u0131ll\u0131k Program<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m alan\u0131 + ta\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc (kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 \/ bazalt \/ Pliosen tortusu) + e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 + mevcut trakt\u00f6r beygir g\u00fcc\u00fc + s\u00fcrg\u00fcn verme program\u0131 \u2192 Korea Watanabe do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sunar. f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00e7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in kaya k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/a> Spesifikasyon, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesi derinli\u011fi protokol\u00fc, y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m program\u0131 ve 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m getirisi hesaplamas\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

F\u0131nd\u0131k Sitesi \u00d6zelliklerini Al\u0131n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Edit\u00f6r: Cxm<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FINDIK \u00c7\u0130FTL\u0130\u011e\u0130 UYGULAMASI F\u0131nd\u0131k \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u2014 T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130talya ve Oregon K\u0131lavuzu Ta\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, ta\u015f\u0131n etraf\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmez. \u00c7atlar \u2014 ve bu \u00e7atlak k\u0131rk y\u0131l boyunca her y\u0131l tekrarlan\u0131r. 40\u201350 y\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131 verimli \u00f6mr\u00fc 75% D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tedarik \u2014 T\u00fcrkiye 5\u201320 cm S\u00fcrg\u00fcn derinli\u011fi \u2014 kritik b\u00f6lge F\u0131nd\u0131k [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-application-and-technical-guid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=954"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/954\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":958,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/954\/revisions\/958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=954"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}