{"id":1025,"date":"2026-06-15T08:39:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T08:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/?p=1025"},"modified":"2026-06-15T08:39:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T08:39:03","slug":"rock-crusher-for-kiwifruit-farm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/rock-crusher-for-kiwifruit-farm\/","title":{"rendered":"Kivi \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131rma Makinesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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K\u0130V\u0130 \u00c7\u0130FTL\u0130\u011e\u0130 BA\u015eVURUSU<\/span><\/div>\n

Kivi \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131rma Makinesi \u2014 Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talya Rehberi<\/h1>\n

Bir \u00e7iftlik. \u0130ki ta\u015f problemi. \u0130ki derinlik. Temizlemek i\u00e7in tamamen farkl\u0131 iki sebep.<\/p>\n

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NZ$885M<\/div>\n
PSA'n\u0131n kayb\u0131 \u2014 Yeni Zelanda tarihi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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DM%<\/div>\n
Zespri notland\u0131rma kriteri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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25-40 ya\u015f<\/div>\n
Verimli asma ya\u015fam\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Kivi Yeti\u015ftirme Alan\u0131 Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kivi (Actinidia deliciosa<\/em> Ve Actinidia chinensis<\/em>Kivi, ticari olarak a\u011fa\u00e7 veya \u00e7al\u0131 yerine odunsu t\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131 bir bitki (sarma\u015f\u0131k) olarak yeti\u015ftirilir. Bu botanik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, kiviyi bu E serisi k\u0131lavuzundaki di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden ay\u0131r\u0131r ve yap\u0131sal olarak \u00f6nceki uygulamalardan farkl\u0131 bir ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi gereksinimi yarat\u0131r. Ku\u015fkonmaz\u0131n (E-9) tek bir ta\u015f hassasiyeti b\u00f6lgesi varken, avokadonun (E-12) tek bir drenaj sorunu varken, \u00e7ile\u011fin (E-18) tek bir derinlik seviyesi varken, kivi ayn\u0131 \u00e7iftlikte, farkl\u0131 derinliklerde, farkl\u0131 biyolojik mekanizmalarla ve farkl\u0131 ticari sonu\u00e7larla e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ta\u015f sorununa sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk sorun yer \u00fcst\u00fcnde: bah\u00e7e taban\u0131ndaki y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131, kivi a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ince kabuklu, yaraya duyarl\u0131 ye\u015fil odununda a\u015f\u0131nma yaralar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Pseudomonas syringae<\/em> pv. aktinidiyalar<\/em> (PSA), ticari tarihte kivi meyvesinin en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 patojeni, asmaya girer. \u0130kinci sorun ise toprak alt\u0131ndad\u0131r: 15-35 cm derinlikteki toprak alt\u0131 ta\u015flar, meyvenin Kuru Madde (DM%) y\u00fczdesini belirleyen yo\u011fun, s\u0131\u011f besleyici k\u00f6k a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlar; bu da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kivi pazarlama kurulu\u015fu olan Zespri International'\u0131n, premium panel tahsisini i\u015fleme s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlemede kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 birincil kriterdir. Her iki sorun da tek bir \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k temizleme program\u0131 ile ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Hi\u00e7biri yaln\u0131zca yeti\u015ftirme, sulama veya kimyasal y\u00f6netimle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez. Bu k\u0131lavuz \u015funlar\u0131 kapsar: kivi \u00e7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in kaya k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> Her iki mekanizma arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla uygulama, her birinin en kritik oldu\u011fu pazarlar ve makine \u00f6zelliklerini belirleyen jeolojik ba\u011flamlar.<\/p>\n

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Kivi Meyvesi Bir Sarma\u015f\u0131k Gibi \u2014 \u0130ki Ta\u015f Problemini Birbirine Ba\u011flayan K\u00f6k Mimarisi<\/h2>\n

\"Yeni<\/p>\n

Kivi, odunsu t\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131 bir bitki olan ve g\u00f6vdesini y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131sal destek kullanan bir sarma\u015f\u0131k olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu serideki hi\u00e7bir a\u011fa\u00e7 veya \u00e7al\u0131 bitkisinden farkl\u0131 bir k\u00f6k mimarisine sahiptir. Kivi asmas\u0131n\u0131n ne ceviz (E-15) gibi derin bir kaz\u0131k k\u00f6k\u00fc ne de f\u0131nd\u0131k (E-14) gibi \u00f6zel bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn sistemi vard\u0131r. Nispeten s\u0131\u011f, yo\u011fun dallanan lifli bir k\u00f6k sistemine sahiptir ve y\u00fczeysel olarak 0-35 cm toprak katman\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan avokado (E-12) ve yaban mersinine (E-16) benzese de, bu derinlikteki ta\u015f\u0131n ticari performans\u0131 etkileme mekanizmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan her ikisinden de farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Actinidia deliciosa<\/em> \u2014 Hayward (Ye\u015fil)<\/div>\n
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0\u20138 cm: Y\u00fczeydeki ince besleyici k\u00f6kler<\/div>\n
75%<\/span>
\n8\u201330 cm: B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130L BESLEME MATI \u2014 DM% b\u00f6lgesi<\/div>\n
30\u201355 cm: Yap\u0131sal ankraj yanallar\u0131<\/div>\n
55 cm ve \u00fczeri: Nadiren derin batan yemler (s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Temizleme derinli\u011fi:<\/strong> 35\u201348 cm. Korunacak ana k\u00f6k yok \u2014 temizleme i\u015flemi, 8\u201330 cm'de ta\u015f k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131ndan besleyici mat\u0131 kurtarmaya ve yanal ankraj b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in drenaj\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Actinidia chinensis<\/em> \u2014 SunGold \/ G3 \/ G9<\/div>\n
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0\u20136 cm: Seyrek y\u00fczey k\u00f6k\u00e7\u00fckleri<\/div>\n
80%<\/span>
\n6\u201325 cm: DAHA S\u0131\u011f BESLEME MATI \u2014 daha y\u00fcksek DM% hedefi<\/div>\n
25\u201350 cm: Yanal k\u00f6k yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/div>\n
50 cm ve \u00fczeri: Derin batan yemler (nadir)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Temizleme derinli\u011fi:<\/strong> 30\u201342 cm. SunGold'un daha s\u0131\u011f k\u00f6k yap\u0131s\u0131, 10\u201322 cm'deki ta\u015f\u0131n DM% \u00fczerindeki orant\u0131l\u0131 etkisinin Hayward'a g\u00f6re daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Yer \u00fcst\u00fc PSA yara riski Hayward ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Sarma\u015f\u0131k bitkisinin fark\u0131 \u2014 kivi \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00f6netiminin hem toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde hem de toprak alt\u0131nda neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu:<\/strong> Ceviz, elma, turun\u00e7gil gibi a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerinin toprak \u00fcst\u00fc odunsu iskeletinin tamam\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak y\u00fcksek bir konumdad\u0131r; g\u00f6vde, dallar ve meyve veren k\u0131s\u0131mlar asla topra\u011fa temas etmez. Kivi gibi sarma\u015f\u0131k t\u00fcrleri ise, kafes yap\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirilmeden \u00f6nce, r\u00fczgarda yere do\u011fru sarkan, yerle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda bah\u00e7e zeminine temas eden ve budama ve y\u00f6nlendirme i\u015flemleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda periyodik olarak toprak seviyesinde i\u015flem g\u00f6ren esnek g\u00f6vdelere sahiptir. Bu yap\u0131sal ger\u00e7eklik, y\u00fczey ta\u015f y\u00f6netiminin kivi i\u00e7in di\u011fer a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re neden daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: kivi g\u00f6vdelerinin ye\u015fil kabu\u011fu ve toprak seviyesindeki hassas ta\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesi, kafesin alt\u0131ndaki ta\u015f y\u00fczey ortam\u0131na d\u00fczenli olarak maruz kal\u0131r ve bu da B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2'de a\u00e7\u0131klanan PSA yara riskini yarat\u0131r.<\/div>\n

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\u00c7ift Mekanizma \u2014 \u0130ki Ta\u015f Problemi, \u0130ki Derinlik, Tek \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/h2>\n
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MEKAN\u0130ZMA 1 \u2014 Yer \u00dcst\u00fc: Y\u00fczey Ta\u015f\u0131 \u2192 PSA Giri\u015fi<\/div>\n
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\u2460<\/span><\/p>\n
Meyve bah\u00e7esi zeminindeki y\u00fczey ta\u015f\u0131.<\/strong> Toprak y\u00fczeyinde veya y\u00fczeyine yak\u0131n yerlerde bulunan k\u00f6\u015feli ta\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131 (kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 yumrular\u0131, \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131, volkanik \u00e7ak\u0131l) bah\u00e7e taban\u0131nda p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 temas noktalar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. R\u00fczgarl\u0131 havalarda, yukar\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirilen kivi dallar\u0131 veya yatak kenarlar\u0131ndan sarkan uzun dallar esneyebilir ve ta\u015f y\u00fczeylerle temas edebilir. Kivi a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n ince ye\u015fil kabu\u011fu (gen\u00e7 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerde 0,3\u20130,8 mm), herhangi bir a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olgun kabu\u011funa g\u00f6re a\u015f\u0131nmaya \u00e7ok daha az diren\u00e7lidir; bir dal ile p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc ta\u015f y\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck temas, g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen ancak bakterilerin girmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olan mikro a\u015f\u0131nmalara neden olur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2461<\/span><\/p>\n
PSA \u2014 Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.<\/strong> PSA, kabuk, yaprak dokusu ve ta\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerindeki yaralar yoluyla kivi meyvesini enfekte eden bakteriyel bir patojendir. Vask\u00fcler sisteme girdikten sonra, ksilem damarlar\u0131n\u0131 kolonize ederek 1-4 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kanser olu\u015fumuna, solmaya ve asman\u0131n kademeli olarak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olur. PSA, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni Zelanda'ya girdi; k\u00f6keni \u00c7in'den ithal edilen polenlere dayanmaktad\u0131r. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar salg\u0131n, Yeni Zelanda kivi end\u00fcstrisine 1.500.000 NZD 6.500 NZD tutar\u0131nda k\u00fcm\u00fclatif ekonomik kayba neden olmu\u015f, Bay of Plenty'deki Hayward meyve bah\u00e7esi alan\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 251.500 NZD'sini yok etmi\u015f ve t\u00fcm Yeni Zelanda kivi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclkenin tar\u0131m tarihinde ekonomik olarak en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bitki hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015fi olmaya devam etmektedir. PSA \u015fu anda d\u00fcnya genelindeki t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli kivi \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerinde mevcuttur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2462<\/span><\/p>\n
Ta\u015flar\u0131n temizlenmesi, yara izini azalt\u0131r.<\/strong> Ticari kivi \u00fcretiminde PSA y\u00f6netimi, yara olu\u015fumunu en aza indirmeye odaklan\u0131r; enfeksiyon yolu bir yara gerektirir ve yara yo\u011funlu\u011funun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 PSA yerle\u015fme riskini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. THOR ve CT-2100 toplama y\u00f6ntemiyle y\u00fczey ve s\u0131\u011f y\u00fczey alt\u0131 ta\u015f temizli\u011fi, yara olu\u015fumuna yatk\u0131n ta\u00e7 ve g\u00f6vde taban\u0131 seviyesindeki a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ta\u015f y\u00fczeyini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Yeni Zelanda Bay of Plenty b\u00f6lgesindeki temizlenmi\u015f bah\u00e7elerde, yeti\u015ftiriciler ilkbahar b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde (PSA'n\u0131n en bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem) ta\u00e7 yaras\u0131 olu\u015fumunun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir derecede daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu bildirmektedir. Ta\u015f temizli\u011fi tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir PSA \u00f6nleme y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fildir; bak\u0131r p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme programlar\u0131, alet sterilizasyonu ve \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7imi (SunGold k\u0131smen PSA'ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r) de gereklidir. Ancak, ba\u015fka bir m\u00fcdahale gerektirmeyen ve PSA \u00f6nlemesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z faydalar\u0131 olan bir enfeksiyon yolunu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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MEKAN\u0130ZMA 2 \u2014 Yeralt\u0131: Y\u00fczey Alt\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131 \u2192 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck DM% \u2192 Zespri Reddi<\/div>\n
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\u2460<\/span><\/p>\n
Kuru madde y\u00fczdesi \u2014 Zespri kalite kontrol noktas\u0131.<\/strong> Zespri International, premium panel tahsisi i\u00e7in birincil \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct olarak Kuru Madde (DM%) kullanmaktad\u0131r. DM%, meyvedeki su d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kat\u0131 maddelerin (esas olarak \u015fekerler, ni\u015fasta ve h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 materyali) taze a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczdesi olarak oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er. Zespri Green (Hayward) i\u00e7in panel tahsisi i\u00e7in minimum DM%: 6,2%. Zespri SunGold (G3\/G9) i\u00e7in minimum: 14,7%. Bu e\u015fiklerin alt\u0131ndaki meyveler, premium Zespri ihracat panelinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u00e7\/i\u015fleme pazar\u0131na tahsis edilir. Panel ve panel d\u0131\u015f\u0131 fiyat fark\u0131: tepsi ba\u015f\u0131na NZ$2,00\u20134,50 ile NZ$0,50\u20130,90. 4 hektarl\u0131k bir kivi bah\u00e7esinde 10.000 kasa \u00fcretim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 \u00e7iftlikten, ayn\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitten ve ayn\u0131 girdilerden elde edilen 30% panel d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve 5% panel d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131ndaki fark, sezon ba\u015f\u0131na 37.500-90.000 NZ$'dir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2461<\/span><\/p>\n
Y\u00fczey alt\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 DM%'yi azalt\u0131r.<\/strong> Kivi meyvesinde DM% birikimi, \u00f6ncelikle hasat olgunlu\u011fundan \u00f6nceki 6-8 hafta i\u00e7inde, asman\u0131n depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fotosentez \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini meyveye \u00e7ekti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, 8-30 cm'lik b\u00f6lgede topra\u011f\u0131n mineral profilinin tamam\u0131na eri\u015febilen, engelsiz ve iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir besleyici k\u00f6k a\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. 12-28 cm'deki ta\u015f, tam olarak bu b\u00f6lgede besleyici k\u00f6k yo\u011funlu\u011funu k\u0131s\u0131tlar ve turun\u00e7gil Brix:asit oran\u0131 (E-13) ve ceviz i\u00e7i rengi (E-15) i\u00e7in tan\u0131mlanan ayn\u0131 heterojen nem ve mineral al\u0131m profilini olu\u015fturur. Spesifik DM% etkisi: Y\u00fcksek ta\u015f yo\u011funluklu toprakta (10-30 cm'de 20-35% ta\u015f hacmi) yeti\u015ftirilen kivi meyveleri, ayn\u0131 ya\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitteki e\u015fde\u011fer temizlenmi\u015f parsellere g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli olarak 0,8-1,4 DM% puan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimle meyve \u00fcretir. Hayward'da: 6.2% minimum e\u015fi\u011finin alt\u0131nda kalan 0.8 DM% de\u011feri, s\u00fcrekli olarak panel d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma anlam\u0131na gelir; bu da ara s\u0131ra ya\u015fanan bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k yerine yap\u0131sal bir ticari cezad\u0131r.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u2462<\/span><\/p>\n
Ta\u015f temizli\u011fi DM% yolunu eski haline getirir.<\/strong> 35\u201348 cm (Hayward) veya 30\u201342 cm (SunGold) derinlikte \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ta\u015f temizli\u011fi, DM% birikim b\u00f6lgesindeki besleyici k\u00f6k t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bologna \u00dcniversitesi'ndeki \u0130talyan kivi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, 3 sezonluk denemeler boyunca, ta\u015f temizli\u011fi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hayward bah\u00e7elerinde (Veneto Po ovas\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131 alanlar) e\u015fde\u011fer temizlenmemi\u015f kontrol parsellerine k\u0131yasla DM%'de %0,9\u20131,6 puanl\u0131k iyile\u015fmeler belgelediler; bu da temizlenmi\u015f parselleri Zespri standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli olarak panel d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmadan s\u00fcrekli olarak orta panel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maya yeterlidir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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T-Bar ve Pergola \u00c7it Sistemi \u2014 Direk Derinli\u011fi ve Ta\u015f Engelleri<\/h2>\n

\"CT-2100<\/p>\n

Kivi \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan kafes sistemi, bu E serisi k\u0131lavuzundaki di\u011fer hi\u00e7bir \u00fcr\u00fcnde bulunmayan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi gereksinimi yarat\u0131r: kafes direkleri 0,6-0,8 m derinli\u011fe kadar \u00e7ak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ve bu derinlikteki ta\u015flar direklerin yerinden oynamas\u0131na veya tamamen yerle\u015ftirilmesini engelleyerek kivi yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6n ko\u015ful olan kafes yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilir.<\/p>\n

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Kivi Bitkisi Destek Sistemleri \u2014 Direk \u00d6zellikleri ve Ta\u015f Y\u00f6netimi Gereksinimleri<\/caption>\n
Kafes sistemi<\/th>\nYap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/th>\nDirek derinli\u011fi<\/th>\nDirek y\u00fck\u00fc<\/th>\nDirek derinli\u011finde ta\u015f riski<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
T-\u015fekilli \u00e7ubuk (\u00e7ift tel)<\/td>\nOrta direk + \u00e7apraz kol, tel ba\u015f\u0131na iki baston<\/td>\n60\u201375 cm<\/td>\nOrta boy \u2014 35\u201355 kg\/m\u00b2 tente y\u00fck\u00fc<\/td>\n60-75 cm derinlikteki ta\u015f, \u00e7akma dire\u011finin durmas\u0131na neden olur; kayal\u0131k alanlarda THOR derinli\u011finin alt\u0131nda ek temizlik gerektirir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pergola (\u00fcstten)<\/td>\nDirekler ve tellerden olu\u015fan bir \u0131zgara \u00fczerine kurulu, tam tavanl\u0131 tente.<\/td>\n70\u201390 cm<\/td>\nY\u00fcksek \u2014 55\u201380 kg\/m\u00b2 a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc y\u00fck\u00fc<\/td>\nDaha derin direk gereksinimi + daha y\u00fcksek g\u00f6lgelik y\u00fck\u00fc = 70-90 cm'de ta\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131 kritik; \u0130talyan pergola standard\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tatura (espalier varyant\u0131)<\/td>\n\u0130ki a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 tente d\u00fczlemine sahip V \u015feklinde \u00e7er\u00e7eve<\/td>\n55\u201370 cm<\/td>\nOrta boy \u2014 40\u201355 kg\/m<\/td>\nYeni Zelanda ve Avustralya'daki baz\u0131 meyve bah\u00e7elerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r; direk derinli\u011fi T-\u00e7ubuklu dire\u011fe benzer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
Destekleyici k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6tesinde temizlik yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n neden gerekli oldu\u011fu:<\/strong> THOR y\u00f6ntemiyle 35-48 cm derinli\u011fe kadar yap\u0131lan temizlik, besleyici k\u00f6k DM% sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmektedir. Ancak 60-90 cm derinli\u011fe kadar \u00e7ak\u0131lan kafes direkleri, standart THOR ge\u00e7i\u015fiyle ele al\u0131nmayan derinlikteki ta\u015f k\u00fcmelerinden de ge\u00e7mektedir. Toprak sondas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda 55-80 cm derinlikte ta\u015f tespit edilen alanlarda, \u00f6zellikle \u0130talyan ve \u015eili \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan daha a\u011f\u0131r pergola direkleri i\u00e7in, direklerin engelsiz bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 65-80 cm derinlikte ikinci bir THOR ge\u00e7i\u015fi gereklidir. Bu, E serisi k\u0131lavuzunda, yap\u0131sal altyap\u0131 kurulumunu ele almak i\u00e7in temizli\u011fin k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesinden daha derin olmas\u0131 gereken tek uygulamad\u0131r (\u015ferbet\u00e7iotu bah\u00e7esi E-10 arg\u00fcman\u0131na benzer, ancak kivi pergola direkleri \u015ferbet\u00e7iotu kafes direklerinden daha derin oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir derinlikte).<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

Yeni Zelanda \u2014 Pomza Paradoksu ve Alt\u0131ndaki Gizli Bazalt<\/h2>\n

Yeni Zelanda'n\u0131n Bay of Plenty b\u00f6lgesi (Te Puke, \u014cp\u014dtiki ve Tauranga merkezli), d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kaliteli Zespri panel kivi meyvesinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 251 milyon tonunu \u00fcretmekte olup, Zespri markas\u0131n\u0131n, SunGold \u00e7e\u015fit program\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel kivi \u00fcretim standartlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen tar\u0131msal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bnoktas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ta\u015fl\u0131 bir ortam gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir: Bay of Plenty topraklar\u0131, Taupo Volkanik B\u00f6lgesi ponza ta\u015f\u0131yla (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu, olduk\u00e7a g\u00f6zenekli ve \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck mekanik dayan\u0131ma sahip volkanik cam bir malzeme) kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Ponza ta\u015f\u0131 teknik olarak ta\u015ft\u0131r, ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6zeneklili\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Mohs sertli\u011fi (Mohs 5-6), yo\u011fun ta\u015f t\u00fcrlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi k\u00f6klere veya damlama sulama sistemine sert fiziksel engel olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

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Pomza ta\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00fcst toprak - ta\u015f sorunu de\u011fil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bay of Plenty'de 0-60 cm derinlikte bulunan Taupo ponza ta\u015f\u0131 (Waimihia, Taupo Pumice), kivi k\u00f6kleri ve destek direkleri i\u00e7in esasen engelleyici de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlu\u011fu (granit i\u00e7in 2.600 kg\/m\u00b3'e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 600-900 kg\/m\u00b3) sayesinde k\u00f6kler serbest\u00e7e n\u00fcfuz eder, direkler hidrolik direk \u00e7akma makinesiyle i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7irilebilir ve standart d\u00f6ner toprak i\u015fleme ekipmanlar\u0131 sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde i\u015fleyebilir. Yeni Zelanda Bay of Plenty'deki kivi yeti\u015ftiricileri, ponza \u00fcst topraklar\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ta\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015flarsa, arazilerinin ta\u015f profili konusunda yanl\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fcvenlik duygusuna sahip olabilirler - ponza y\u00fczeyi alttaki jeolojiyi gizler.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u2014 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez sorun<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bay of Plenty'nin ponza \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nda, daha eski Coromandel Volkanik B\u00f6lgesi bazalt ve andezit ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve intr\u00fczyonlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fken derinliklerde bulunur - tipik olarak ponza y\u00fczeyinin 40-120 cm alt\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 (Mohs 5-7) y\u00fczeyden tamamen g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezdir - ponza, alt\u0131nda ne oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir ipucu vermez. Kivi yeti\u015ftirilen b\u00f6lgelerde, bunlar \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde ke\u015ffedilir: (1) bir pergola dire\u011fi 65-80 cm derinlikte g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalta \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda direk \u00e7akma aletinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 reddetmesi; (2) bah\u00e7e incelemeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6k sondas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131; (3) bah\u00e7enin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin, blo\u011fun geri kalan\u0131na g\u00f6re kronik olarak daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck DM% g\u00f6stermesi. G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2'de a\u00e7\u0131klanan besleyici k\u00f6k k\u0131s\u0131tlama sorununu tam olarak yarat\u0131r - ancak yaln\u0131zca bazalt\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde, homojen bir blok gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yerde d\u00fczensiz bir DM% olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

THOR'un Yeni Zelanda ponza ve bazalt sahalar\u0131 i\u00e7in spesifikasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeni Zelanda Bay of Plenty kivi yeti\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131nda, \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda 10 m \u00d7 10 m'lik bir \u0131zgara \u00fczerinde 90 cm derinli\u011fe kadar toprak sondaj\u0131 standart bir i\u015flemdir. 65 cm'den daha az derinlikte g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt tespit edildi\u011finde: THOR 3.0 (230 HP) ile bazalt\u0131n \u00fcst y\u00fczeyine kadar o b\u00f6lgenin derinli\u011finde temizleme yap\u0131l\u0131r, CT-2100 ile \u00f6rnekleme yap\u0131l\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan direk \u00e7akma i\u015flemine devam edilebilir. Bazalt 65-90 cm derinlikte oldu\u011funda: Eri\u015filebilir bazalt\u0131 par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in maksimum temizleme derinli\u011finde (55-60 cm) THOR 3.0 kullan\u0131l\u0131r; kalan derin bazalt, kurulum sonras\u0131 alanlarda hidrolik kaya \u00e7ekici ile i\u015flenir. Pomza 90 cm'den fazla derinlikte (bazalt yok) oldu\u011funda: Besleyici k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in 35-48 cm derinlikte standart THOR 2.4 temizleme yap\u0131l\u0131r, CT-2100 ile \u00f6rnekleme yap\u0131l\u0131r. BlackBird kaya t\u0131rm\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> Sezon \u00f6ncesi y\u00fczey temizli\u011fi, tepe seviyesinde toprak \u00fcst\u00fc PSA yaras\u0131 riskini olu\u015fturan pomza y\u00fczey birikimini ve k\u00f6\u015feli malzemeyi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0130talya, \u00c7in ve \u015eili \u2014 \u00dc\u00e7 Farkl\u0131 Jeolojik Profil<\/h2>\n

\"PSW-3200<\/p>\n

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\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf9 \u0130talya - Lazio (Latina) ve Veneto (Po Ovas\u0131)<\/span>
\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n 2. b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticisi<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0130talya, y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 450.000 ton \u00fcretimle (\u00c7in'den sonra) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci kivi \u00fcreticisidir. \u0130talyan kivi \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00f6netimi, iki farkl\u0131 jeolojik b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmektedir. Lazio (Latina Eyaleti):<\/strong> Roma'n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Pontine Ovas\u0131, tarihsel olarak Alban Tepeleri ve Aurunci volkanik kompleksinden gelen volkanik al\u00fcvyal topraklar \u00fczerinde \u0131slah edilmi\u015f batakl\u0131k bir aland\u0131r. Tipik Latina kivi topra\u011f\u0131 iki ta\u015f katman\u0131na sahiptir: (1) 15-35 cm'de volkanik t\u00fcf ve lapilli katman\u0131 (Mohs 4-6) - orta derecede k\u00f6k k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 yaratan ince volkanik malzeme; ve (2) eski k\u0131y\u0131 lag\u00fcn tortular\u0131ndan gelen 50-80 cm'de al\u00fcvyal \u00e7ak\u0131l katman\u0131 - pergola dire\u011fi montaj\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen yuvarlak kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ve volkanik \u00e7ak\u0131llar. Besleyici k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in 38-48 cm'de THOR 2.4; \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in pergola dire\u011fi hatlar\u0131nda 55-65 cm'de THOR 3.0 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Veneto (Po ovas\u0131, Verona Eyaleti):<\/strong> \u0130talya'n\u0131n en sorunlu kivi meyvesi ta\u015f olu\u015fum b\u00f6lgesi olan Lessini Da\u011flar\u0131'ndaki al\u00fcvyal yelpaze birikintileri, 12-35 cm derinlikte y\u00fcksek yo\u011funlukta (20-40% ta\u015f hacmi) iri kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ve kire\u00e7li \u00e7ak\u0131l (Mohs 3-5) sa\u011flar. DM% b\u00f6lgesindeki y\u00fcksek ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011fu VE kire\u00e7li ta\u015f i\u00e7eri\u011finin (besleme b\u00f6lgesinde pH y\u00fckselmesine neden olur - E-16 yaban mersinine benzer) birle\u015fimi, Veneto kivisini Avrupa'daki en hassas ta\u015f olu\u015fum b\u00f6lgesi haline getirir. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tamamen uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (sadece azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil) i\u00e7in 38-48 cm'de THOR 3.0; temizleme sonras\u0131 pH prob \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ile CT-2100 kal\u0131c\u0131 toplama.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf3 \u00c7in \u2014 Shaanxi (Wei Nehri), Sichuan, Guizhou<\/span>
\nHacim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticisi<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00c7in, d\u00fcnya genelindeki kivi \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k 551 milyon tonunu (551 TP5T) \u00fcretiyor ve bu \u00fcretim Shaanxi (Wei Nehri vadisi ve Qinling Da\u011f\u0131 etekleri), Sichuan ve Guizhou b\u00f6lgelerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda. Ticari olarak en \u00e7ok t\u00fcketilen \u00e7e\u015fitler sar\u0131 etli Hongyang ve Donghong olup, ihracat i\u00e7in Hayward muadilleri de \u00fcretiliyor. Shaanxi Wei Nehri:<\/strong> \u00c7in'deki kivi yeti\u015ftirilen b\u00f6lgelerde en yayg\u0131n ta\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc olan Qinling Da\u011f\u0131 al\u00fcvyal yelpazelerinden gelen 20-45 cm derinlikte kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7eren l\u00f6s platosu topraklar\u0131. L\u00f6s\u00fcn kendisi (Mohs 1-2, siltli) bir ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi sorunu olu\u015fturmaz, ancak l\u00f6s matrisine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 (Mohs 3-4, Qinling Paleozoik kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir) yaban mersini (E-16) ve Veneto kivisi i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klananla ayn\u0131 pH y\u00fckselme riskini besleyici k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesinde yarat\u0131r; bu da pH 5,5-6,5 gerektiren bir \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7in iki kat tehlikelidir. 35-45 cm'de THOR 2.4, zorunlu kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7as\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma ile (E-16 yaban mersini ile ayn\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r tolerans yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131). Si\u00e7uan ve Guizhou:<\/strong> Kretase d\u00f6nemine ait kumta\u015f\u0131 ve \u015feylden t\u00fcreyen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kil topraklar\u0131; genellikle \u015eaanxi'ye g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011funa sahip olmakla birlikte, nehir teras\u0131 birikintilerinden gelen ara s\u0131ra sert kuvarsit par\u00e7alar\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf1 \u015eili + \ud83c\uddec\ud83c\uddf7 Yunanistan + \ud83c\uddf5\ud83c\uddf9 Portekiz'in \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan anlar\u0131<\/span>
\nB\u00fcy\u00fcyen ihracat pazarlar\u0131<\/span><\/div>\n
\u015eili:<\/strong> \u015eili avokadosu (E-12), yaban mersini (E-16) ve kahvesi (E-17) i\u00e7in tan\u0131mlanan ayn\u0131 And volkanik + K\u0131y\u0131 Cordillera granit \u00e7ift ta\u015f profili, \u015eili kivi meyvesi (Maule ve O'Higgins b\u00f6lgeleri) i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. And volkanik b\u00f6lgelerinde THOR 2.4 (Mohs 5\u20136); k\u0131y\u0131 granitinde THOR 3.0 (Mohs 6\u20137). \u015eili'nin avantaj\u0131: G\u00fcney Yar\u0131mk\u00fcre hasad\u0131 (Mart-May\u0131s), Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talya sezonlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 programlanm\u0131\u015f olup, y\u0131l boyunca Zespri markal\u0131 tedariki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131larak \u015eilili yeti\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 DM% panel standartlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama konusunda ticari bir te\u015fvik yaratmaktad\u0131r. Yunanistan (Tesalya, Makedonya):<\/strong> Tesalya ovas\u0131 kivi meyvesi, Pindus Da\u011flar\u0131'ndan gelen kire\u00e7li \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131 al\u00fcvyal topraklarda yeti\u015fir \u2014 Kuzey Yunanistan zeytin \u00fclkesiyle ayn\u0131 jeolojiye sahiptir (E-2). 35\u201345 cm'de THOR 2,4; kire\u00e7li par\u00e7ac\u0131k uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma standard\u0131. Portekiz (Entre-Douro-e-Minho):<\/strong> Ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f granit par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7eren granitli topraklar \u2014 kimyasal olarak inert (pH riski yok), ancak orta derecede fiziksel yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip olup 35-45 cm derinlikte THOR 2.4 gerektiren granitik ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f kaya\u00e7lar.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Makine Sistemi \u2014 Kivi Yeti\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7ift Sorunlu Protokol<\/h2>\n
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1<\/div>\n
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THOR 2.4 veya 3.0<\/a> \u2014 Besleyici k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (DM% i\u00e7in 35\u201348 cm, direkler i\u00e7in daha derin)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Birincil ge\u00e7i\u015f 35\u201348 cm (Hayward) \/ 30\u201342 cm (SunGold) derinlikte yap\u0131l\u0131r. Yeni Zelanda'daki g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt, \u0130talyan Po ovas\u0131 kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131 (Mohs 5\u20136) ve \u00c7in Qinling kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in THOR 3.0 zorunludur. Yeni Zelanda'daki sadece ponza ta\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7eren alanlar, \u0130talyan Lazio volkanik t\u00fcf\u00fc ve \u015eili andeziti (Mohs 5\u20136) i\u00e7in THOR 2.4 yeterlidir. Ta\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n direk derinli\u011finde engel tespit etti\u011fi yerlerde, pergola direk hatlar\u0131nda 55\u201370 cm derinlikte ikinci ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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CT-2100 ta\u015f toplay\u0131c\u0131<\/a> \u2014 Kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma (DM% koruma + PSA yara \u00f6nleme)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kal\u0131c\u0131 toplama, ayn\u0131 anda iki ta\u015f sorununu da ele alan bir i\u015flemdir: DM% b\u00f6lgesindeki besleyici k\u00f6k t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderir VE yer \u00fcst\u00fc PSA yara peyzaj\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ta\u015f y\u00fczeyini temizler. Kire\u00e7li ta\u015f alanlar\u0131nda (Veneto, \u00c7in Shaanxi): 10 m \u00d7 10 m'lik bir \u0131zgarada 30 cm'ye kadar temizleme sonras\u0131 pH ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, ekimden \u00f6nce kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen temizlendi\u011fini do\u011frular. B\u00fcy\u00fck Yeni Zelanda meyve bah\u00e7elerinde: BlackBird kaya t\u0131rm\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> Her y\u0131l sezon \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan y\u00fczey temizli\u011fi, ilkbahar PSA risk d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesinde y\u00fczeyde biriken pomza ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6\u015feli malzemeyi temizler.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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3<\/div>\n
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PSW-3200 rotavat\u00f6r<\/a> \u2014 yemlik mat\u0131 olu\u015fturma yata\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

22\u201328 cm derinli\u011fe uygulanan PSW-3200, ince i\u015flenmi\u015f, havaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f besleyici k\u00f6k olu\u015fum b\u00f6lgesini olu\u015fturur. Organik madde (kompost: 25\u201340 t\/ha) i\u00e7erir ve pH ayar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar (kivi meyvesi 5,5\u20136,5 pH'\u0131 tercih eder; do\u011fal olarak asidik Yeni Zelanda ponza topraklar\u0131nda kalsiyum karbonat d\u00fczeltmesi gerekebilir). Ta\u00e7 dikiminden \u00f6nce 4\u20136 hafta yerle\u015fme s\u00fcresi tan\u0131y\u0131n. Toprak hendek a\u00e7ma i\u00e7in optimum ince i\u015flenmi\u015f haldeyken, PSW-3200 uygulamas\u0131ndan sonra kal\u0131c\u0131 damla sulama ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 (35\u201345 cm derinlikte) kurun.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Y\u0131ll\u0131k: PSA yara \u00f6nleme ama\u00e7l\u0131 sezon \u00f6ncesi y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lkbahar b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminden \u00f6nce (PSA enfeksiyonunun en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem): BlackBird veya CT-2100 y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi, bah\u00e7e zemininden don kabarmas\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temizler. Hasat \u00f6ncesi: Meyve hasad\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ta\u015f temas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, fidan yerle\u015ftirme i\u015flemlerinden \u00f6nce ikinci bir y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u0131ll\u0131k yer \u00fcst\u00fc bak\u0131m, PSA yara mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak ele al\u0131rken, tek seferlik tesis temizleme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, yer alt\u0131ndaki DM% mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n
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\nKivi \u00e7iftli\u011finde kullan\u0131lan ta\u015f k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 makineyle ilgili olarak, PSA'n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten ta\u015f a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan yaralar yoluyla m\u0131 girdi\u011fini, yoksa bunun teorik bir ba\u011flant\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011funu do\u011frulayabilir misiniz?<\/summary>\n

PSA enfeksiyonunun mekanik yaralanmalar yoluyla bula\u015fmas\u0131 bilimsel literat\u00fcrde \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle budama yaralar\u0131ndan ziyade ta\u015f a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla olan ba\u011flant\u0131, hakemli kontroll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ziyade Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talya'daki saha g\u00f6zlemleriyle daha do\u011frudan desteklenmektedir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, PSA kivi dokusunda bir yara giri\u015f noktas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Normal ko\u015fullarda sa\u011flam kabuk veya yaprak epidermisine n\u00fcfuz edemez. Herhangi bir yara \u2013 budama kesi\u011fi, don \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6cek hasar\u0131, mekanik a\u015f\u0131nma \u2013 bir giri\u015f noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Yeni Zelanda Bitki ve G\u0131da Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve \u0130talyan CREA Frutticoltura, t\u00fcm kategorilerde (sadece budama de\u011fil) yara yo\u011funlu\u011funun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, aktif hastal\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki bah\u00e7elerde PSA yerle\u015fme oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir \u015fekilde azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgelemi\u015ftir. Ta\u015f a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 yara kategorisi bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ge\u00e7erlidir. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle: Yeni Zelanda Bay of Plenty b\u00f6lgesindeki ta\u015flardan temizlenmi\u015f meyve bah\u00e7elerini y\u00f6neten yeti\u015ftiriciler, ta\u00e7 yaras\u0131 vakalar\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu s\u00fcrekli olarak bildiriyor ve bloklar\u0131n\u0131n temizlenmi\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerindeki PSA te\u015fhis oranlar\u0131, biti\u015fik temizlenmemi\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re g\u00f6zlemsel olarak daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u2013 ancak bu fark\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ta\u015f temizli\u011fine ba\u011flayan resmi bir randomize kontroll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, PSA'n\u0131n ta\u015f temizli\u011fi lehine olan iddias\u0131, hen\u00fcz \u00e7ift k\u00f6r bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f, saha g\u00f6zlemleriyle desteklenen sa\u011flam yara biyolojisi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nZespri'nin DM% panel tahsis sistemi ger\u00e7ekten ta\u015f temizli\u011fine mi yan\u0131t veriyor yoksa di\u011fer y\u00f6netim fakt\u00f6rleri DM% sonucunu mu belirliyor?<\/summary>\n

DM%, \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir sonu\u00e7tur; \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7imi, asma geli\u015fim y\u00f6netimi, sulama zamanlamas\u0131, hasat tarihi ve asma \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc y\u00f6netimi, meyvenin panel DM% de\u011ferine ula\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rol oynar. Ta\u015f temizleme, bask\u0131n fakt\u00f6r de\u011fil, katk\u0131da bulunan bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. \u0130talyan Bologna \u00dcniversitesi'nin temizlenmi\u015f Veneto parsellerinde 0,9\u20131,6 DM% iyile\u015fmesini belgeleyen denemeleri, \u00e7e\u015fit, asma ya\u015f\u0131, sulama ve hasat tarihi kontrol edilerek e\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7iftler \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ta\u015f temizleme de\u011fi\u015fkeni izole edilmi\u015ftir. 0,9\u20131,6 DM% iyile\u015fmesi, y\u00fcksek ta\u015fl\u0131 alanlarda anlaml\u0131 derecede farkl\u0131 bir Zespri panel tahsis sonucuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Ortalama DM%'nin temizleme yap\u0131lmadan 5,4\u20135,8% (Hayward minimumu olan 6,2%'nin alt\u0131nda) oldu\u011fu Veneto alanlar\u0131nda, temizlemeden kaynaklanan 0,9\u20131,6% iyile\u015fmesi, blo\u011fu 6,3\u20137,4%'ye ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrekli olarak panel e\u015fi\u011finin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hali haz\u0131rda 6,8\u20137,2% DM% de\u011ferine sahip olan ve a\u011fa\u00e7 kesimi yap\u0131lmayan meyve bah\u00e7eleri i\u00e7in, ayn\u0131 ta\u015f kesim iyile\u015ftirmesi 7,7\u20138,8% de\u011ferine ula\u015facakt\u0131r; bu da zaten e\u015fik de\u011ferin \u00fczerindedir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iyile\u015ftirme, panel e\u015fik de\u011ferini a\u015fmaktan ziyade panel i\u00e7indeki ticari kalitede bir iyile\u015ftirmedir. Ta\u015f kesim getirisi, s\u00fcrekli olarak panel DM% e\u015fik de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda veya yak\u0131n\u0131nda olan meyve bah\u00e7eleri i\u00e7in en y\u00fcksektir; bu da a\u011fa\u00e7 kesiminin en a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde gerekli oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek ta\u015f yo\u011funluklu alanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nYeni Zelanda'daki ponza ta\u015f\u0131, ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir sorun te\u015fkil ediyor mu, yoksa Yeni Zelanda'n\u0131n Bay of Plenty b\u00f6lgesindeki yeti\u015ftiriciler, do\u011fal olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ta\u015f i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahip volkanik topraklar\u0131nda ta\u015f temizleme i\u015flemini tamamen atlayabilirler mi?<\/summary>\n

Bay of Plenty ana b\u00f6lgesindeki (Te Puke, \u014cp\u014dtiki) meyve bah\u00e7elerinde, toprak et\u00fcd\u00fc en az 80 cm derinli\u011fe kadar kesintisiz ponza ta\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmedi\u011fini do\u011fruluyorsa, standart ta\u015f temizli\u011fi gerekli de\u011fildir; ponza ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve g\u00f6zeneklili\u011fi, k\u00f6k k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 veya kafes dire\u011fi engeli olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Kritik ko\u015ful, toprak et\u00fcd\u00fc gereklili\u011fidir: Bay of Plenty volkanik arazisinde g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yeterince yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve \u00f6nceden toprak et\u00fcd\u00fc yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, pergola kurulumundan sonra bazalt ke\u015ffetme riskini art\u0131r\u0131r; bu da hidrolik \u00e7eki\u00e7 veya \u00f6zel kaya delme ekipman\u0131 gerektirir ve direk ba\u015f\u0131na maliyet, \u00f6nceden THOR temizli\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha y\u00fcksektir. Ponza ta\u015f\u0131 y\u00fczeyi, toprak \u00fcst\u00fc PSA yara arg\u00fcman\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k BlackBird y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fini yine de gerektirir; ponza ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 taze y\u00fczeylendi\u011finde (don kabarmas\u0131 veya ekimden) k\u00f6\u015felidir ve ta\u00e7 seviyesinde a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yara y\u00fczeyleri sa\u011flar. Pomza derinli\u011finin do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda tam THOR temizleme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; pomza derinli\u011fini do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in toprak et\u00fcd\u00fc zorunludur; ve y\u00fczey alt\u0131 jeolojisinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak PSA yara azalt\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k BlackBird y\u00fczey ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nKivi \u00e7ekirde\u011fi temizleme i\u015flemi, Psa kaynakl\u0131 Hayward kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talyan yeti\u015ftiricilerin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc SunGold (G3\/G9) yeniden dikim program\u0131yla nas\u0131l bir etkile\u015fim i\u00e7indedir?<\/summary>\n

SunGold (A. chinensis<\/em>Hayward'daki PSA hassasiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn birincil yan\u0131t\u0131 olan yeniden dikim program\u0131, SunGold'un daha s\u0131\u011f k\u00f6k mimarisi (Hayward'\u0131n 8-30 cm'sine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 6-25 cm'de birincil besleyici tabaka) nedeniyle ta\u015f k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131yla daha s\u0131\u011f derinlikte kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in ek bir ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi hususu yaratmaktad\u0131r. 20-30 cm'de orta d\u00fczeyde ta\u015f i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle y\u00f6netilen bir Hayward bah\u00e7esi, 8-30 cm'deki Hayward besleyici tabakas\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f b\u00f6lgesine k\u0131smen n\u00fcfuz etmesi nedeniyle kabul edilebilir DM% sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olabilir. Yeniden dikilen bir SunGold bah\u00e7esinde ayn\u0131 ta\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011fu, daha s\u0131\u011f olan 6-25 cm'lik besleyici b\u00f6lgeyi do\u011frudan k\u0131s\u0131tlar ve \u00f6nceki Hayward dikimine g\u00f6re birim ta\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir DM% cezas\u0131 \u00fcretir. Bu, PSA kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan sonra Hayward bloklar\u0131n\u0131 SunGold'a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talyan yeti\u015ftiricilerin ta\u015f temizleme gereksinimlerini yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeleri gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir; Hayward alt\u0131nda temizleme yap\u0131lmadan y\u00f6netilen bir blok, SunGold alt\u0131nda temizleme gerektirebilir. SunGold i\u00e7in temizleme derinli\u011fi (30\u201342 cm), Hayward'a (35\u201348 cm) g\u00f6re daha s\u0131\u011f ve daha ucuzdur, ancak besleme b\u00f6lgesindeki art\u0131k ta\u015f tolerans\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; 6\u201325 cm b\u00f6lgesinde 3 cm'den b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015flara s\u0131f\u0131r tolerans, SunGold ekimi i\u00e7in uygun standartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

\nBay of Plenty b\u00f6lgesindeki 4 hektarl\u0131k bir kivi bah\u00e7esinde hem DM% hem de PSA ta\u015f y\u00f6netimi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n toplam finansal faydas\u0131 nedir?<\/summary>\n

Bay of Plenty'deki 4 hektarl\u0131k Hayward meyve bah\u00e7esi i\u00e7in, blok ve y\u00fczey ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 40%'sini etkileyen g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt yamalar\u0131 bulunan ve orta derecede ta\u00e7 yaralanmas\u0131 vakas\u0131na neden olan bir alan i\u00e7in: Ta\u015f temizleme yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (bazalt b\u00f6lgelerinde THOR 3.0 derin ge\u00e7i\u015f + THOR 2.4 genel ge\u00e7i\u015f + CT-2100 toplama + BlackBird y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7i\u015f): yakla\u015f\u0131k 12.000\u201318.000 NZ$ kurulum + 2.000\u20133.500 NZ$ y\u0131ll\u0131k bak\u0131m. Panelli olmayan alandan panelli alana ge\u00e7i\u015fte 40% blok i\u00e7in DM% faydas\u0131 (toplam 10.000 tepsi \u00fcretim \u00d7 40% = 4.000 tepsi): 4.000 tepsi \u00d7 1,80 NZ$ panel prim fark\u0131 = 7.200 NZ$ y\u0131ll\u0131k DM% faydas\u0131. PSA ile ilgili asma de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin \u00f6nlenmesi: Orta d\u00fczeyde PSA bask\u0131s\u0131 olan 4 hektarl\u0131k bir alanda, ta\u015f temizli\u011finden kaynaklanan yara azalmas\u0131, herhangi bir 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde 2\u20135% asma kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilir. Yeniden dikilen asma ba\u015f\u0131na 8.000\u201315.000 NZ$ (ta\u00e7 + budama + kay\u0131p \u00fcretim) ile: 800 asman\u0131n 2\u20135%'si = 16\u201340 asma \u00d7 ortalama 10.000 NZ$ = 10 y\u0131lda 160.000\u2013400.000 NZ$ maruz kalma azalmas\u0131. Birle\u015fik y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u015fde\u011fer fayda: DM% primi 7.200 NZ$ + PSA asma kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi (10 y\u0131lda 16.000\u201340.000 NZ$, y\u0131ll\u0131kland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) = y\u0131ll\u0131k 8.800\u201311.200 NZ$. Y\u0131ll\u0131k program maliyeti 2.000-3.500 NZ$ iken, y\u0131ll\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m getirisi 2,5:1 ile 5,6:1 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Tek seferlik kurulu\u015f izni (12.000-18.000 NZ$) 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00fcm\u00fclatif faydaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k: 44.000-56.000 NZ$. 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k ufukta yat\u0131r\u0131m getirisi: 2,4:1 ile 4,7:1 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n

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Kivi \u00c7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u2014 PSA Yara Azaltma ve DM% K\u00f6k B\u00f6lgesi Protokol\u00fc<\/p>\n

Kivi \u00e7e\u015fidi (Hayward\/SunGold) + destek sistemi (T-\u00e7ubuk\/pergola) + toprak et\u00fct sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 (pomza derinli\u011fi \/ g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bazalt \/ kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131) + b\u00f6lgesel jeoloji \u2192 Korea Watanabe do\u011fru bilgiyi sa\u011flar. kivi \u00e7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in kaya k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131<\/a> \u00c7ift mekanizmal\u0131 spesifikasyon, Zespri DM% ROI hesaplamas\u0131 ve PSA yara azaltma protokol\u00fc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Kivi Yeti\u015ftirme Alan\u0131 \u00d6zelliklerini Edinin<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Edit\u00f6r: Cxm<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u0130V\u0130 \u00c7\u0130FTL\u0130\u011e\u0130 UYGULAMASI Kivi \u00c7iftli\u011fi i\u00e7in Kaya K\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u2014 Yeni Zelanda ve \u0130talya K\u0131lavuzu Bir \u00e7iftlik. \u0130ki ta\u015f problemi. \u0130ki derinlik. Temizleme i\u00e7in tamamen farkl\u0131 iki neden. NZ$885M PSA kayb\u0131 \u2014 Yeni Zelanda tarihi DM% Zespri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma kriteri 25\u201340 y\u0131l Verimli asma \u00f6mr\u00fc Kivi Saha Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kivi (Actinidia deliciosa ve Actinidia chinensis) ticari olarak yeti\u015ftirilmektedir [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-application-and-technical-guid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1025"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1030,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions\/1030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rock-crusher-tractor.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}